What type of bonds are present in ceramics?

Ceramics are primarily characterized by their ionic and covalent bonding. The correct choice highlights the prevalence of ionic bonds in ceramic materials, which are typically composed of metal and non-metal ions. These ionic bonds form between positively and negatively charged ions, leading to a strong electrostatic attraction that imparts desirable properties to ceramics, such as high melting points, hardness, and chemical stability.

In many ceramics, the ionic bonds contribute significantly to the material's structural integrity and durability. For example, in common ceramic materials like alumina (Al₂O₃) and zirconia (ZrO₂), ionic bonding plays a crucial role in maintaining their robust structures.

While covalent bonds can also be present in certain ceramics, particularly in materials like silicon nitride, it is the ionic bonding that most truly defines the general classification of ceramics. Metallic bonds, found primarily in metals, are less relevant to ceramic bonding characteristics. Additionally, Van der Waals bonds are weak intermolecular forces that do not contribute significantly to the primary bonding in ceramics. Thus, the focus on ionic bonds effectively captures the essential bonding features of ceramics.